[否定式]Not + 現在分詞/(being)過去分詞, S + V. 因為不…，（所以）…
Not knowing what to do, she just stood there ibn silence.因為不知道要怎麼辦，她只好靜靜地站著。Not (being) qualified for the job, he didn’t get hired.因為沒有達到這份工作的資格，他沒有被錄用。[完成式]Having 過去分詞, S + V. 因為先前（主動）…，（所以）…Having made the same mistake multiple times, he eventually got laid off.因為先前犯了多次同樣的錯，他最終被解雇了。Having + 過去分詞表示主動的用法Having been 過去分詞, S + V. 因為先前（被）…，（所以）…Having been injured in an accident, he is unable to run.因為先前在一場意外中受傷，他現在無法跑步。Having been + 過去分詞表示被動的用法
